Anti-tumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma
Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics Fast Forward First published on May 25, 2006 Alessia Ligresti 1, Aniello Schiano Moriello 1, Katarzyna Starowicz 1, Isabel Matias 1, Simona Pisanti 2, Luciano De Petrocellis 1, Chiara Laezza 3, Giuseppe Portella 4, Maurizio Bifulco 5, Vincenzo Di Marzo 1. 1 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche 2 Universita di Napoli e Universita di Salerno 3 CNR and Universita di Napoli 4 Universita di Napoli 5 Universita di Salerno * Address correspondence to: E-mail: vdimarzo@icmib.na.cnr.it

Abstract

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exhibits anti-tumor effects on various cancer cell types, but its use in chemotherapy is limited by its psychotropic activity.

We investigated the anti-tumor activities of other plant cannabinoids, i.e. cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, cannabidiol-acid and THC-acid, and assessed whether there is any advantage in using Cannabis extracts (enriched in either cannabidiol or THC) over pure cannabinoids.

Results obtained in a panel of tumor cell lines clearly indicate that, of the five natural compounds tested, cannabidiol is the most potent inhibitor of cancer cell growth (IC50 between 6.0 and 10.6 microM), with significantly lower potency in non-cancer cells. The cannabidiol-rich extract was equipotent to cannabidiol, whereas cannabigerol and cannabichromene followed in the rank of potency.

Both cannabidiol and the cannabidiol-rich extract inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors obtained by subcutaneous injection into athymic mice of human MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma or rat v-K-ras-transformed thyroid epithelial cells, and reduced lung metastases deriving from intra-paw injection of MDA-MB-231 cells.

Judging from several experiments on its possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of action, we propose that cannabidiol lacks a unique mode of action in the cell lines investigated. At least for MDA-MB-231 cells, however, our experiments indicate that cannabidiol effect is due to its capability of inducing apoptosis via: 1) direct or indirect activation of cannabinoid CB2 and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors; and 2) cannabinoid/vanilloid receptor-independent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species.

Our data support the further testing of cannabidiol and cannabidiol-rich extracts for the potential treatment of cancer.

Key words: apoptosis, calcium, cannabinoid, cannabis, endocannabinoid, vanilloid

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